Key words
Key points
- •Social risk factors for COVID-19 pneumonia such as race, ethnicity, income inequality, and living environment correlate with infection and severity of infection.
- •Biological risk factors are numerous and highly correlate with cardiovascular disease and its risk factors.
- •COVID-19 pneumonia has a broad presentation, ranging from mild illness to critical illness.
- •Post-Acute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 has protean manifestations that can persist for months to over a year and is receiving increasing attention into its physiology and potential treatments.
- •Imaging findings of pneumonia can be categorized as typical, indeterminate, and atypical and may differ according to vaccine status and viral variant.
Introduction
University of Oxford. Our World in Data. Accessed October 5, 2022. https://ourworldindata.org/explorers/coronavirus-data-explorer
Risk Factors
Social risk factors for infection and severe disease
- Vahidy F.S.
- Nicolas J.C.
- Meeks J.R.
- et al.
- Musshafen L.A.
- El-Sadek L.
- Lirette S.T.
- Summers R.L.
- Compretta C.
- Dobbs T.E.
- Vahidy F.S.
- Nicolas J.C.
- Meeks J.R.
- et al.
- Gu T.
- Mack J.A.
- Salvatore M.
- et al.
Vaccination status
- Chodick G.
- Tene L.
- Patalon T.
- et al.
Primary course vaccine∗ | Booster vaccine | Effectiveness at 2 to 4 weeks (%, 95% CI) | Effectiveness at 5 to 9 weeks (%, 95% CI) | Effectiveness at 10 or more weeks (%, 95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|---|
ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 | BNT162b2 | 62.4 (61.8 - 63.0) | Not measured | 39.6 (38.0 - 41.1) |
BNT162b2 | BNT162b2 | 67.2 (66.5 - 67.8) | Not measured | 45.7 (44.7 - 46.7) |
ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 | mRNA-1273 | 70.1 (69.5 - 70.7) | 60.9 (59.7 - 62.1) | Not measured |
BNT162b2 | mRNA-1273 | 73.9 (73.1 – 74.6) | 64.4 (62.6 – 66.1) | Not measured |
- Skarbinski J.
- Wood M.S.
- Chervo T.C.
- et al.
Biological risk factors for severe disease
Laboratory abnormalities associated with severe disease
- Liu J.
- Li S.
- Liu J.
- et al.
Clinical Course
Spectrum of disease
COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines Panel. Clinical Spectrum of SARS-CoV-2 Infection. National Institutes of Health Accessed October 5, 2022. https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/overview/clinical-spectrum/
COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines Panel. Clinical Spectrum of SARS-CoV-2 Infection. National Institutes of Health Accessed October 5, 2022. https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/overview/clinical-spectrum/
Infection severity | Criteria |
---|---|
Presymptomatic infection | Positive nucleic acid amplification test or antigen test but no symptoms. |
Mild illness | Fever, cough, or sore throat but no dyspnea or abnormal imaging. |
Moderate illness | Evidence of lower respiratory disease by auscultation of lungs or imaging and oxygen saturation >= 94% on room air at sea level. |
Severe illness | Oxygen saturation <= 94% on room air at sea level, a ratio of arterial partial pressure of oxygen to fraction of inspired oxygen <= 300 mm Hg, respiratory frequency > 30 per minute, or lung opacities on imaging that have increased by 50% or more in 24-48 hours. |
Critical illness | Respiratory failure, shock due to sepsis, with or without non-pulmonary end-organ dysfunction. |
- Brandal L.T.
- MacDonald E.
- Veneti L.
- et al.
- Wu Y.
- Kang L.
- Guo Z.
- Liu J.
- Liu M.
- Liang W.
Post-Acute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2
Associated infections
Radiographic Findings

for the Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University Novel Coronavirus Management and Research Team, Evidence-Based Medicine Chapter of China International Exchange and Promotive Association for Medical and Health Care (CPAM), Jin YH, Cai L, et al. A rapid advice guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infected pneumonia (standard version). Mil Med Res. 2020;7(1):4. doi:10.1186/s40779-020-0233-6
Radiological Society of North America. Radiological Society of North America Expert Consensus Statement on Reporting Chest CT Findings Related to COVID-19. Endorsed by the Society of Thoracic Radiology, the American College of Radiology, and RSNA. Published online July 24, 2020. doi:10.1148/ryct.2020200152.podcast


Lessons Learned
Center for Forecasting and Outbreak Analytics. Resources and Publications of the Center for Forecasting and Outbreak Analytics. Accessed October 6, 2022. https://www.cdc.gov/forecast-outbreak-analysis/reources.html
Health Resources & Services Administration. Ensuring Equity in COVID-19 Vaccine Distribution. Accessed October 6, 2022. https://www.hrsa.gov/coronavirus/health-center-program
Clinics Care Points
- •Social risk factors for COVID-19 pneumonia such as race, ethnicity, income inequality, and living environment correlate with infection and severity of infection.
- •Biological risk factors are numerous and highly correlate with cardiovascular disease and its risk factors.
- •COVID-19 pneumonia has a broad presentation, ranging from mild illness to critical illness.
- •Post-Acute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 has protean manifestations that can persist for months to over a year and is receiving increasing attention into its physiology and potential treatments.
- •Imaging findings of pneumonia can be categorized as typical, indeterminate, and atypical and may differ according to vaccine status and viral variant.
Acknowledgements
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for the Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University Novel Coronavirus Management and Research Team, Evidence-Based Medicine Chapter of China International Exchange and Promotive Association for Medical and Health Care (CPAM), Jin YH, Cai L, et al. A rapid advice guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infected pneumonia (standard version). Mil Med Res. 2020;7(1):4. doi:10.1186/s40779-020-0233-6
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Health Resources & Services Administration. Ensuring Equity in COVID-19 Vaccine Distribution. Accessed October 6, 2022. https://www.hrsa.gov/coronavirus/health-center-program
Article info
Publication history
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In Press Accepted ManuscriptFootnotes
Husham Sharifi, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, husham@stanford.edu
Joe Hsu, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, joehsu@stanford.edu
Disclosure Statement: There are no relevant financial relationships to disclose.